In this respect, -append gives the same result as -partial on a failed transfer, but without creating those hidden temporary files. Files are written directly to their targets. Actually, when you're using -append, no temporary files are ever created.
With regards to the -append switch mentioned above, this is the actual "resume" switch, and you can use it whether or not you're also using -partial. Conversely, if you want to make sure you never leave behind stray failed files that are hidden in the target directory, and you know you'll be able to complete the transfer later, -partial is there to help you. So, if you need to make sure that the target won't ever contain files that appear to be fine but are actually incomplete, you shouldn't use -partial. To resume it, you'll have to use one of the aforementioned flags on the next run. So, -partial doesn't itself resume a failed or cancelled transfer. The point is that you can later complete the transfer by running rsync again with either -append or -append-verify. When a transfer fails and -partial is not set, this hidden file will remain in the target folder under this cryptic name, but if -partial is set, the file will be renamed to the actual target file name (in this case, TheFileYouAreSending), even though the file isn't complete. While transferring files, they are temporarily saved as hidden files in their target folders (e.g.TheFileYouAreSending.lRWzDC), or a specifically chosen folder if you set the -partial-dir switch. First of all, regarding the "resume" part of your question, -partial just tells the receiving end to keep partially transferred files if the sending end disappears as though they were completely transferred.
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